The Unseen Infrastructure: Optical Links Connecting Google’s Space AI

Google’s plan for orbital datacenters features powerful processors (TPUs) and efficient solar panels, but the unseen “glue” holding the entire “Project Suncatcher” together is “free-space optical links.” This laser-based technology is the key to making the satellite constellations function as a single computer.
These optical links, which use light beams to transmit data, are a core part of Google’s vision. They are planned for two distinct purposes: connecting the satellites to each other within their 80-unit constellation, and beaming the final results back down to Earth.
Connecting the satellites allows for a distributed computing model. A complex AI problem could be shared across multiple satellites, with the optical links shuttling data between them. This creates a powerful, integrated network rather than just 80 individual computers.
Beaming data back to Earth via lasers is a solution for the “high-bandwidth ground communications” challenge. Optical links can carry far more data than traditional radio waves, which is essential for transmitting the results of complex AI computations.
However, this technology is not without its own challenges. The lasers must be pointed with pinpoint accuracy over hundreds of miles, from one moving satellite to another, or down through the Earth’s atmosphere, which can distort light. The success of Google’s 2027 prototypes will depend heavily on proving these laser links are reliable.